1919
Calendar year
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1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1919th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 919th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January
- January 1
- The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (now Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.[1]
- HMY Iolaire sinks off the coast of the Hebrides; 201 people, mostly servicemen returning home to Lewis and Harris, are killed.[2]
- January 2–22 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army's Caspian-Caucasian Front begins the Northern Caucasus Operation against the White Army, but fails to make progress.
- January 3 – The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed by Emir Faisal (representing the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz) and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.
- January 5 – In Germany:
- January 6 – Danone, a well-known dairy brand worldwide, is founded in Barcelona, Spain.[citation needed]
- January 7
- January 8 – The funeral of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier.[5]
- January 8–22 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red Army attacks and defeat the White Don Army under Pyotr Krasnovin the Voronezh–Povorino Operation.
- January 9 – Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin.
- January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin.
- January 11
- January 12–May 19 – Russian Civil War: On the Southern Front, the Armed Forces of South Russia under General Anton Denikin fight against the Red Army for the possession of the strategic region of the Donbass.
- January 13 – Workers' councils in Berlin end the general strike; the Spartacist uprising is over.
- January 14 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army.
- January 15
- January 16
- January 18
- January 19–28 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army begin the counter offensive in the Perm area against the White forces.
- January 19
- January 21 – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. It comprises Sinn Féin members elected in the 1918 general election who have, in accordance with their manifesto, not taken their seats in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, but chosen to declare an independent Irish Republic. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in Tipperary.
- January 23 – Khotyn Uprising: partisans capture the city of Khotyn in Romania.[10]
- January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, France.[11]
- January 31 – Battle of George Square: The British Army is called in to deal with riots, during negotiations over working hours in Glasgow, Scotland.[12]
February
March
April
May
- May 1
- A large left-wing demonstration in France leads to a violent confrontation with the police.
- May Day Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio; 2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.
- May 2 – Weimar Republic troops and the Freikorps occupy Munich and crush the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
- May 3 – Amānullāh Khān attacks the British government in India.
- May 4
- May 6 – The Third Anglo-Afghan War begins.
- May 8 – Edward George Honey proposes a moment of silence to commemorate the Armistice of World War I.
- May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Trepassey, Newfoundland (departs May 16) and the Azores (arrives May 17). (On May 30–31 it flies on to Plymouth in England.)
- May 9 – In Belgium, a new electoral law introduces universal manhood suffrage and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.
- May 14 – The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, establishes probably the world's first chair in International Politics, endowed by David Davies and his sisters in honour of Woodrow Wilson, with Alfred Eckhard Zimmern as first professor.[27]
- May 15
- May 17 – The Committee of One Thousand forms to oppose the Winnipeg general strike.
- May 19
- May 23 – The University of California opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
- May 25 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces capture Pskov from the Red Army, and soon hand it over to the White forces.
- May 27
- May 29
- May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the League of Nations, Belgium is given the mandate over part of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).
June
- June – Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, now the world standard.
- June 2 – 1919 United States anarchist bombings: Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures.
- June 4 – Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.
- June 5 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The advancing pro-German Baltische Landeswehr initiates war against Estonia in Northern Latvia.
- June 6 – The Hungarian Red Army attacks the Republic of Prekmurje.
- June 7
- June 9 – Russian Civil War: Counteroffensive of Eastern Front: The Reds army recapture the city of Ufa
- June 14–15 – A Vickers Vimy piloted by John Alcock DSC, with navigator Arthur Whitten Brown, makes the first nonstop transatlantic flight, from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, Ireland.
- June 15 – Pancho Villa attacks Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the United States 7th Cavalry Regiment cross the border, to push Villa's forces from American territory.
- June 17 – Epsom Riot by Canadian troops: English Police Sergeant Thomas Green is killed.
- June 18 – The second most popular[citation needed][30] football club in Costa Rica, Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, is founded.
- July 1 – Russian Civil War: Perm Operation (1918–19) begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city of Perm.[31]
- June 20–25 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The White Volunteer Army defeat the exhausted Red forces in the Kharkiv Operation, capturing the industrial city of Kharkiv.
- June 21
- June 23 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence – Battle of Cēsis: The Estonian army defeats the pro-German Baltische Landeswehr in northern Latvia, forcing it to retreat towards Riga; the event has been celebrated as Victory Day in Estonia ever since.
- June 26 – British Foreign Office official St John Philby and T. E. Lawrence arrive in Cairo for discussions about Arab unrest in Egypt, having been flown by Canadian pilot Harry Yates in a Handley Page bomber which set off from England on June 21.
- June 28
July
- July 2 – The Syrian National Congress in Damascus: Arab nationalists announce independence.
- July 2–6 – British airship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York.
- July 3 –
- July 5–20 – Russian Civil War, Eastern or Siberian Front, Ekaterinburg Operation: The Red Army captures the city of Ekaterinburg in the Ural mountains from the White rule of Admiral Alexander Kolchak.
- July 7 – The United States Army sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing takes many months to complete, because the building of the U.S. Highway System has not commenced.
- July 11 – The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
- July 19 – The Foreign Ministry of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is established, by decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.[32]
- July 21 – Wingfoot Air Express crash: The dirigible Wingfoot Air Express catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two people parachute to the ground safely.[33]
- July 27 – The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man throws stones at a group of four black teens on a raft.
- July 28 – The International Astronomical Union is founded in Paris, France.
- July 31 – British police strikes in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.
August
September
- September 1–October 2 – Russian Civil War, Siberian Front: Admiral Alexander Kolchak launches his final offensive in the Tobolsk operation, defeating the Red Army.
- September 3 – Jan Smuts becomes the second Prime Minister of South Africa.
- September 6 – The U.S. Army expedition across America, which started July 7, ends in San Francisco.
- September 10–15 – The Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.
- September 10 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The Republic of German-Austria becomes the First Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.
- September 12
- September 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.[34]
- September 18–November 14 – Russian Civil War, Western Front: Battle of Petrograd:the White general Nikolai Yudenich approaches the city of Saint Petersburg with 18,500 soldiers, but is defeated by the defense organized by Leon Trotsky.
- September 21 – The Steel strike of 1919 begins across the United States.
- September 27 – Russian Civil War: The last British Army troops leave Archangel, and leave the fighting to the Russians.
- September 30 – Elaine massacre: An estimated 100 to 237 black people and 5 white people were killed[citation needed] in Elaine, Arkansas, by white mobs and vigilante militias assisted by federal troops[35] in "the deadliest racial confrontation in Arkansas history and possibly the bloodiest racial conflict in the history of the United States".[36]
October
- October 2 – President of the United States Woodrow Wilson suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid for the remainder of his life.[37]
- October 7 – The Dutch airline KLM is founded (as of 2019, it is the world's oldest airline still flying under its original name).[38]
- October 9 – In Major League Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players are later found to have lost intentionally.
- October 10 – Estonia adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to Baltic Germans.
- October 11–November 18 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red army defeat the white army in the Orel–Kursk operation, recapturing the cities and stopping the white's offensive to Moscow.
- October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France.
- October 13–November 16 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: Using massive cavalry forces, The Red army threatened the flank of the white army in the Voronezh–Kastornoye operation (1919).
- October 16
- October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.
- October 28 – Prohibition in the United States: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
November
December
- December 1
- December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.
- December 4 – The French Opera House in New Orleans, Louisiana is destroyed by fire.
- December 5 – The Turkish Ministry of War releases Greeks, Armenians and Jews from military service.
- December 10–December 16 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: Kiev is captured by The Red army.
- December 17 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- December 18–December 31 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red army captures the Donbas region from the Volunteer Army.
- December 21 – The United States deports 249 people, including Emma Goldman, to Russia on the USAT Buford.
- December 23 – Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom.
- December 25 – Cliftonhill Stadium in Coatbridge, Scotland, opens as the home of Albion Rovers F.C. They lose the opening match 2–0 to St Mirren.
- December 26 – American baseball player Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at this time, a deal made public at the beginning of January 1920.
Date unknown
Births
January
the quit
February
- February 2 – Carlo D'Angelo, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1973)
- February 4 – Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016)
- February 5
- February 7 – Desmond Doss, American combat medic (d. 2006)
- February 11 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress, best known for her role in Green Acres (d. 1995)
- February 12
- February 13 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991)
- February 14 – Miroslav Zikmund, Czech adventurer and film director
- February 17 – Kathleen Freeman, American film, television, voice actress, and stage actress (d. 2001)
- February 18
- February 20 – Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, Iranian Marja
- February 22 – Harold Rahm, American-Brazilian Roman Catholic priest (d. 2019)
- February 24 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian international civil servant (d. 2004)
- February 25 – Karl H. Pribram, Austrian-American neuroscientist (d. 2015)
- February 26 – Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003)
March
- March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American film actress (d. 2009)
- March 3
- March 5 – Peter Florjančič, Slovenian inventor (d. 2020)
- March 7 – M. N. Nambiar, Indian film actor (d. 2008)
- March 10
- March 11 – Kira Golovko, Russian actress (d. 2017)
- March 14 – Dickey Chapelle, American photojournalist (d. 1965)
- March 15 – Lawrence Tierney, American actor (d. 2002)
- March 17
- March 18 – Santiago Álvarez, Cuban filmmaker (d. 1998)
- March 19 – Abdullah Tariki, Saudi politician and government official (d. 1997)
- March 20 – Gerhard Barkhorn, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1983)
- March 21 – Prasert na Nagara, Thai scholar (d. 2019)
- March 24 – Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American poet and publisher (d. 2021)
- March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984)
- March 26 – B. J. Khatal-Patil, Indian politician (d. 2019)
April
- April 1
- April 5 – Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter and producer (d. 2018)
- April 6 – Caren Marsh Doll, American actress and dancer
- April 8 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1967–79) (d. 2007)[49]
- April 12 – Billy Vaughn, American singer, multi-instrumentalist, orchestra leader (d. 1991)
- April 13 – Howard Keel, American singer and actor (d. 2004)[50]
- April 18 – Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian entrepreneur and pioneer of microlending (d. 2002)[51]
- April 19 – Gloria Marín, Mexican actress (d. 1983)
- April 21
- April 22 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- April 23 – Osman Nuhu Sharubutu, Ghanaian Islamic cleric
- April 24
May
- May 1
- May 3 – Pete Seeger, American folk singer and musician (d. 2014)[53]
- May 5 – Georgios Papadopoulos, President of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1999)
- May 7 – Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (d. 1952)
- May 8 – Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
- May 10 – Atmasthananda, Indian Hindu leader (d. 2017)
- May 15 – Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2005)
- May 16 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (d. 1987)
- May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2007)
- May 18 – Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991)
- May 19
- May 21 – Vera Altayskaya, Soviet actress (d. 1978)
- May 22 – Paul Vanden Boeynants, twice Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2001)[54]
- May 23 – Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (d. 2011)[55]
- May 25 – Raymond Smullyan, American mathematician, logician, and philosopher (d. 2017)[56]
- May 30 – René Barrientos, 47th President of Bolivia (d. 1969)[57]
June
July
- July 1
- July 3 – Gabriel Valdés, Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (d. 2011)
- July 4 – Gerd Hagman, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
- July 8 – Walter Scheel, President of Germany (d. 2016)[58]
- July 10 – Pierre Gamarra, French poet, novelist and literary critic (d. 2009)
- July 11 – Donald Zilversmit, Dutch-born U.S. nutritional biochemist, researcher and educator (d. 2010)
- July 13 – Grisha Filipov, leading member of the Bulgarian communist party (d. 1994)
- July 14 – Lino Ventura, Italian actor (d. 1987)[59]
- July 15 – Iris Murdoch, British novelist and philosopher (d. 1999)[60]
- July 16
- July 18 – Lilia Dale, Italian actress
- July 19 – Patricia Medina, English-born actress (d. 2012)
- July 20 – Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, conqueror of Mount Everest (d. 2008)
- July 24
- July 26 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist
- July 31
August
- August 2
- August 4 – Michel Déon, French writer (d. 2016)
- August 8
- August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977 (d. 1987)
- August 11 – Ginette Neveu, French violinist (d. 1949)
- August 12 – Margaret Burbidge, English-American astrophysicist and academic (d. 2020)
- August 13 – George Shearing, Anglo-American jazz pianist (d. 2011)
- August 15 – Dina Wadia, Indian political figure (d. 2017)
- August 17 – Georgia Gibbs, American singer (d. 2006)
- August 20 – Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000)
- August 24 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, 31st President of Ecuador (d. 2004)
- August 25 – George Wallace, American politician, 45th Governor of Alabama (d. 1998)
- August 28 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)[61]
- August 30
- August 31 – Amrita Pritam, Indian poet and author (d. 2005)
September
- September 2 – Marge Champion, American actress (d. 2020)
- September 8 – Maria Lassnig, American painter (d. 2014)[62]
- September 9 – Barbara Fiske Calhoun, American cartoonist in WWII and artist; co-founded Quarry Hill Creative Center, where she taught art for many years (d. 2014).[63]
- September 11
- September 13
- September 14 – Kay Medford, American character actress and comedian (d. 1980)
- September 15
- September 17 – Helmut Ashley, Austrian cinematographer
- September 18 – Pál Losonczi, Hungarian politician (d. 2005)
- September 21
- September 23 – Tōta Kaneko, Japanese writer (d. 2018)
- September 26 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet and researcher (d. 2012)
- September 27
- September 29 – Margot Hielscher, German singer and film actress (d. 2017)
October
- October 3 – James M. Buchanan, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
- October 5 – Donald Pleasence, English actor (d. 1995)
- October 6 – Siad Barre, President of Somalia (d. 1995)
- October 7 – Zelman Cowen, Governor-General of Australia (d. 2011)
- October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, 49th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
- October 11 – Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (d. 1990)[64]
- October 14 – Edward L. Feightner, United States Navy officer (d. 2020)[65]
- October 16 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003)
- October 17
- October 18
- October 22
- October 23 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist (d. 1992)
- October 26
- October 30 – Stane Kavčič, Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1987)
- October 31 – Tong Siv Eng, Cambodian politician (d. 2001)
November
December
- December 2 – Norma Miller, African-American dancer, choreographer, actress, author and comedian (d. 2019)
- December 4 – I. K. Gujral, Indian politician, Prime Minister of India (d. 2012)
- December 6 – Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (d. 1983)
- December 8 – Mieczysław Weinberg, Polish composer (d. 1996)
- December 9 – William Lipscomb, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
- December 11 – Paavo Aaltonen, Finnish gymnast (d. 1962)
- December 13 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1942)
- December 24 – Pierre Soulages, French artist
Deaths
January
- January 4 – Georg von Hertling, 7th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1843)
- January 6
- January 8
- January 10 – Wallace Clement Sabine, American physicist (b. 1868)
- January 12 – Sir Charles Wyndham, British actor and theatrical manager (b. 1837), Spanish flu[68]
- January 15
- January 16 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil (b. 1848), Spanish flu
- January 17
- January 18
- January 21 – Gojong, first Emperor of Korea (b. 1852)
- January 22 – Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (b. 1853)
- January 24 – Ismail Qemali, Albanian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Albania and 1st President of Albania (b. 1844)
- January 27
- January 28
- January 31 – Nat Goodwin, American actor and comedian (b. 1857)
February
March
April
May
- May 2 – Gustav Landauer, German anarchist (b. 1870; assassinated)
- May 4 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak general, politician, and astronomer (b. 1880)
- May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American author, poet, playwright, actor and independent filmmaker (The Wizard of Oz) (b. 1856)
- May 9 – Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, Dominican political figure, 2-time President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1846)
- May 12 – D. M. Canright, American Seventh-day Adventist minister and author, later one of the church's severest critics (b. 1840)
- May 14 – Henry J. Heinz, American entrepreneur (b. 1844)
- May 15 – Aaron Aaronsohn, Romanian-born Israeli botanist (b. 1876)
- May 21 – Victor Segalen, French naval doctor, ethnographer, archeologist, writer, poet, explorer, art-theorist, linguist and literary critic (b. 1878)
- May 28 – Hermann von Spaun, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1833)
June
July
August
September
October
- October 1 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia, German royal (b. 1850)
- October 2 – Victorino de la Plaza, Argentinian politician, 18th President of Argentina, leader (b. 1840)
- October 6 – Ricardo Palma, Peruvian writer (b. 1833)
- October 7 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856)
- October 11 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
- October 18 – William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, American financier and statesman (b. 1848)
- October 22 – John Cyril Porte, Irish-born British flying boat pioneer (b. 1884)
November
December
Nobel Prizes
References
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- ^ Gian Luigi Rondi (1966). Italian Cinema Today, 1952-1965 . Hill and Wang. p. 146.
- ^ Editors of Chase's (September 30, 2018). Chase's Calendar of Events 2019: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-64143-264-1.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
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Sources
- Phelan, Paula (2007), 1919: Misfortune's End, ZAPmedia
Further reading
- Klingaman, William K. 1919, The Year Our World Began (1987) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar.
- New International Year Book 1919 (1920) , Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 744pp
External links
- Media related to 1919 at Wikimedia Commons
Categories: 1919
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