1991
"'91" redirects here. For the hip hop album, see
Jamie Grace.
Calendar year
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1991. |
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1991st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1990s decade.
Calendar year
It was the final year of the Cold War that had begun in 1947. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fell, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of socialism and autarky and began extensive neoliberal changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased economic inequality over the next two decades.[1] A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.
Events
January
- January 1
- January 4 – The UN Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of Palestinians.
- January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.[4]
- January 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by Tonton Macoute, an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted in Haiti. On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first democratically elected government.
- January 9
- January 12 – Gulf War: The U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.[5]
- January 13
- January 15
- January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.[8][9]
- January 17
- January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.[15][16]
- January 22 – Gulf War: The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq.[17]
- January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.[18]
- January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.
- January 29
February
- February 1
- February 6 – Capcom releases Street Fighter II for arcades. It becomes highly successful and is routinely listed as the grandfather of the fighting game genre.
- February 7
- February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.[25]
- February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.
- February 15 – The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.[26]
- February 16 – Singing Revolution: The Council of Lithuania declares the independence of Lithuania, ending decades of Soviet rule over the country.[27]
- February 17 – The Cape Verdean presidential election, Cape Verde's first multiparty presidential election since 1975, is won by António Mascarenhas Monteiro.
- February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.
- February 20 – President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government of Prime Minister Adil Çarçani and appoints Fatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests.
- February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, but says that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
- February 23 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.
- February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.[28]
- February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.
- February 27
March
April
- April 2 – Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.
- April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons. The resolution also calls for a complete ban of ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km and an end to its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution three days later.
- April 4
- April 5
- April 9 – The first Soviet troops leave Poland.[37]
- April 10
- April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.
- April 15
- April 16 – 18 – Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.
- April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.
- April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
- April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.[39]
- April 22 – A 7.7 Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.
- April 26
- April 29
- April 29 – 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema replacing him two days later.[44]
May
June
July
August
- August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which are opened on October 30.
- August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.
- August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.
- August 7 – Former Iranian prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes.[56]
- August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.[57]
- August 11 – The first three Nicktoons Doug, Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show, begin airing on Nickelodeon.
- August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany.
- August 17 – 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.
- August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. He returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.
- August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day.
September
- September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
- September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.
- September 5 – 7 – At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, California, 83 women and 7 men are assaulted.
- September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union.
- September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.
- September 11
- September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.
- September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN.
- September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.
- September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16.
- September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave the site with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.
- September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.
- September 24
- September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.
- September 27 – U.S. President Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.
- September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits.
- September 30 – A tornado destroys parts of Itu, Brazil, killing 16 people and leaving 176 others injured.
October
- October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.
- October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.
- October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII.
- October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day.
- October 11
- October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.
- October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.
- October 15 – Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.
- October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.
- October 20
- October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.
- October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.
- October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held.
- October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.
- October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
- October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.
November
December
Births
January
- January 2 – Ben Hardy, English actor[67]
- January 3 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019)
- January 7
- January 9 – Álvaro Soler, Spanish-German singer
- January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer
- January 15 – Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper[70]
- January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
- January 20 – Jolyon Palmer, British racing driver
- January 23 – Steve Birnbaum, American footballer[71]
- January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
- January 29 – Hugh Grosvenor, British aristocrat, billionaire and businessman
- January 31 – Amy Jackson, English actress and model
February
- February 4 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer
- February 6
- February 8
- February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress and singer
- February 14
- February 17
- Ed Sheeran, English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor[73]
- Bonnie Wright, English actress, film director, screenwriter, model, and producer
- February 18
- February 21
- Riyad Mahrez, French-Algerian footballer
- Solar, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress
- February 22 – Robin Stjernberg, Swedish pop singer
- February 24 – O'Shea Jackson Jr., American rapper and actor
- February 26 – CL, South Korean singer and dancer
- February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March
- March 3 – Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress
- March 4 – Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor
- March 5 – Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer
- March 6 – Tyler, The Creator, American rapper
- March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor, singer-songwriter, and musician
- March 11
- March 13
- March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
- March 21 – Antoine Griezmann, French footballer[74]
- March 28 – Hoya, South Korean singer and actor
- March 29
April
- April 3 – Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress
- April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
- April 7 – Anne-Marie, English singer and songwriter
- April 9 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer[76]
- April 10 – AJ Michalka, American actress, voice actress, singer-songwriter, and musician
- April 11
- April 15
- April 20 – Luke Kuechly, American football player
- April 21
- April 25 – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer
- April 30 – Travis Scott, American rapper
May
- May 2
- May 3 – Carlo Acutis, English-born Italian Catholic computer programmer, beatified (d. 2006)
- May 5 – Raúl Jiménez, Mexican footballer
- May 8 – Laura Chimaras, Venezuelan actress
- May 9 – Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovan joduka
- May 12 – Jennifer Damiano, American actress and singer
- May 16 – Grigor Dimitrov, Bulgarian tennis player[78]
- May 17 – Johanna Konta, Australian-born tennis player
- May 22
- May 23 – Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
- May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer[79]
- May 25 – Derrick Williams, American basketball player
- May 27 – Beauden Barrett, New Zealand rugby union player
- May 28 – Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer
- May 31 – Azealia Banks, American singer-songwriter[80]
June
- June 1 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress[81]
- June 3 – Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer
- June 4 – Lorenzo Insigne, Italian footballer
- June 7 – Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress[82]
- June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer
- June 14
- June 15 – Rina Takeda, Japanese actress and black belt
- June 16
- June 17 – Yusei Kikuchi, Japanese baseball pitcher
- June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress
- June 19 – Neta Rivkin, Israeli rhythmic gymnast
- June 20 – Kalidou Koulibaly, French-Senegalese footballer
- June 21 – J. C. Greyling, Namibian rugby union player
- June 23
- June 24 – Max Ehrich, American actor, singer, and dancer
- June 25
- June 28
- June 29
July
- July 2 – Kim Go-eun, South Korean actress
- July 3
- July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor and musician
- July 6 – Victoire Thivisol, French actress
- July 7
- July 8 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer
- July 9 – Mitchel Musso, American actor, musician and singer
- July 10
- July 11 – Kentaro Sakaguchi, Japanese model and actor
- July 12 – James Rodríguez, Colombian footballer
- July 13 – Seppe Smits, Belgian snowboarder
- July 15
- July 16 – Alexandra Shipp, American actress
- July 20
- July 21 – Sara Sampaio, Portuguese model
- July 22 – Tomi Juric, Australian footballer
- July 23
- July 24 – Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress[83]
- July 25 – Amanda Kurtović, Norwegian handball player
- July 30 – Daria Kondakova, Russian rhythmic gymnast
- July 31 – Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer
August
- August 3 – Ismail Juma, Tanzanian long-distance runner (d. 2017)
- August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress
- August 6
- August 7 – Mike Trout, American baseball player[84]
- August 9
- August 10 – Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian television actress (d. 2016)
- August 11 – Estelle Nze Minko, French handball player
- August 12 – Lakeith Stanfield, American actor and rapper
- August 16
- August 18 – Brianna Rollins-McNeal, American track and field athlete
- August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player
- August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver
- August 26 – Dylan O'Brien, American actor
September
- September 4
- September 7 – Jennifer Veal, English actress and comedian
- September 9
- September 11
- September 12 – Thomas Meunier, Belgian footballer
- September 13 – Ksenia Afanasyeva, Russian artistic gymnast
- September 14 – Nana, South Korean singer, actress, and model
- September 15 – Alex Florea, Romanian singer
- September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model
- September 17
- September 22 – Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Malaysian archer
- September 23 – Key, Korean singer
- September 25
- September 27 – Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player[86]
- September 30 – Thomas Röhler, German track and field athlete (javelin)
October
- October 2 – Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
- October 4 – Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer
- October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor, rapper, and dancer
- October 7
- Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer
- Lay Zhang, Chinese singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor
- October 10
- October 16
- October 17 – Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer
- October 18
- October 21 – Artur Aleksanyan, Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler
- October 22 – Tatiana Martínez, Mexican actress
- October 23
- October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress
- October 30
November
- November 1 – Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast
- November 4
- November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
- November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress
- November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete
- November 13
- November 14 – Taylor Hall, Canadian ice hockey player
- November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress, producer, and activist[90]
- November 16 – Tomomi Kasai, Japanese singer
- November 20 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor
- November 21
- November 22 – Saki Shimizu, Japanese singer
- November 23 – Christian Cueva, Peruvian footballer
- November 29 – Becky James, Welsh racing cyclist[92]
December
- December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer
- December 2
- December 3 – Masahiro Usui, Japanese actor
- December 6
- December 9
- December 10 – Kiki Bertens, Dutch tennis player[94]
- December 11 – Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer
- December 14 – Mitsuki Takahata, Japanese actress and singer
- December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress
- December 19
- December 20
- December 22 – DaBaby, American rapper
- December 24 – Louis Tomlinson, British singer-songwriter
- December 26
- December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
- December 28 – Belime, Lebanon singer-songwriter, pop musician, and music producer
- December 30 – Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player[95]
Deaths
January
- January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1912)[96]
- January 4
- January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
- January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
- January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- January 12
- January 14 – Salah Khalaf, Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
- January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- January 19 – John Russell, American actor (b. 1921)
- January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
- January 25
- January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (Chicago Bears) and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903)
- January 29 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
- January 30
February
March
- March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
- March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)
- March 3 – William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)
- March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- March 14
- March 15 – Robin Hill, British plant biochemist (b. 1899)
- March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1901)
- March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909)
- March 23 – Elisaveta Bagriana, Bulgarian poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1893)
- March 24 – Sir John Kerr, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1914)
- March 25 – Marcel Lefebvre, French Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1905)
- March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Lee Atwater, American political consultant and strategist (b. 1951)
April
May
June
- June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
- June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
- June 3 – Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
- June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
- June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
- June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
- June 15
- June 18 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
- June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
- June 24 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (b. 1899)[97]
- June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
- June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July
- July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor, writer, director, and producer (b. 1936)
- July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
- July 5
- July 6
- July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
- July 11 – Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (b. 1953)
- July 12 – Hitoshi Igarashi, Japanese interpreter (b. 1947)
- July 15 – Roger Revelle, American scientist and scholar (b. 1909)
- July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
- July 18 – Ambrus Nagy, Hungarian fencer and Olympic silver medalist (1956) (b. 1927)
- July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
- July 27 – Pierre Brunet, French figure skater (b. 1902)
- July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August
- August 3 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
- August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
- August 5
- August 6
- August 8
- August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman, Marine, activist, and politician (b. 1907)
- August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905)
- August 22
- August 23 – Florence B. Seibert, American biochemist (b. 1897)
- August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Marshall of the Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
- August 30
September
- September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- September 3
- September 4
- September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- September 8
- September 10 – Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
- September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901)
- September 15 – John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1905)
- September 17 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
- September 24 – Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), American author (b. 1904)
- September 25
- September 27 – Oona O'Neill, English actress (b. 1925)
- September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer (b. 1926)
October
- October 2 – Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
- October 6
- October 7 – Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (b. 1916)
- October 9 – Roy Black, German schlager actor and singer (b. 1943)
- October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
- October 12
- October 13 – Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, 37th President of Costa Rica (b. 1921)
- October 16 – Ole Beich, Danish musician (b. 1955)
- October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
- October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
- October 25 – Bill Graham, American promoter (b. 1931)
- October 27
- October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy and President of the European Parliament (b. 1901)
November
- November 2
- November 5
- November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- November 7 – Tom of Finland, Finnish artist (b. 1920)
- November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
- November 10 – Eva Bosáková, Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. 1931)
- November 13 – Paul-Émile Léger, Canadian cardinal (b. 1904)
- November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928)
- November 17 – Adrian Quist, Australian tennis player (b. 1913)
- November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913)
- November 19 – Reggie Nalder, Austrian actor (b. 1907)
- November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912)
- November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- November 24
- November 25 – Eleanor Audley, American actress (b. 1905)
- November 26 – Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908)
- November 29
December
- December 1
- December 5 – Richard Speck, American mass murderer (b. 1941)
- December 6 – Sir Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- December 7 – Gordon Pirie, English athlete (b. 1931)
- December 8 – Buck Clayton, American jazz trumpet player (b. 1911)
- December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
- December 10 – Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (b. 1927)
- December 11 – Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906)
- December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
- December 15 – Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
- December 18 – George Abecassis, English racing driver (b. 1913)
- December 20 – Walter Chiari, Italian actor (b. 1924)
- December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900)
- December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955)
- December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress[99]
Nobel Prizes
References
- ^ "India's economy: One more push"
. The Economist. July 21, 2011.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (January 1, 1991). "Czechs Begin Shift to a Free Market" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Frank Wilkins. "The Death of Rebecca Schaeffer" . Reel Reviews.
- ^ Cvetkovski, Nikola. "The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict" . Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ "Congress Authorizes Gulf War : Historic act: The vote in both houses, supporting Bush and freeing troops to attack Iraq, is decisive and bipartisan. It is the strongest move since Tonkin Gulf" . Los Angeles Times. January 13, 1991. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "U.N. Gives Iraq Until Jan. 15 to Leave Kuwait or Face War : Gulf crisis: Historic measure passes 12 to 2, with China abstaining. It is only the second time the Security Council has voted to use military force" . Los Angeles Times. November 30, 1990. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Bruce (December 2006). "Cape Verde: The Most Democratic Nation in Africa?" . The Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 495. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06002060 . S2CID 144361839 .
- ^ Edwin E. Moïse. "Limited War : The Stereotypes" . Clemson University. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (2000). "Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles" . Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
- ^ "The Gulf War" . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ Fetter, Steve; Lewis, George N.; Gronlund, Lisbeth (January 28, 1993). "Why were Casualties so low?" (PDF). Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 361 (6410): 293–296. doi:10.1038/361293a0 . hdl:1903/4282 . S2CID 4343235 .
- ^ Kifner, John (January 23, 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: TEL AVIV; 3 DIE 96 ARE HURT IN ISRAELI SUBURB" . The New York Times.
- ^ Atkinson, Rick; Balz, Dan (January 23, 1991). "Scud Hits Tel Aviv, Leaving 3 Dead, 96 Hurt" . The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
- ^ "The Day After Eastern Folds: Many Passengers Are Left Up in the Air : Travel: Some connect with other carriers, several are left on standby status. The 62-year-old airline finally succumbed to a number of infirmities" . Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1991. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Airways (December 4, 2016). "December 4, 1991: The Last 'Clipper' Flight" . Airways Magazine. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ "The SAS Operations | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars" . britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved August 18, 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Woodbury, Jo (January 2015). The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum (PDF). Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers. Canberra: Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College. p. 7.
- ^ "1991" . omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Noble, Kenneth B. (September 15, 1991). "Two Black Groups and Pretoria Sign Peace Agreement" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ AirLand Reversal – Airforcemag.com, February 2014
- ^ United States. National Transportation Safety Board (1995). Aircraft Accident Report . U.S. Government. p. 107.
- ^ Joseph Whitaker (1994). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 900.
- ^ Taylor, Alan. "Operation Desert Storm: 25 Years Since the First Gulf War - The Atlantic" . www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (1997). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 90-411-0439-9.
- ^ RFE/RL Research Report . RFE/RL, Incorporated. 1993. p. 19.
- ^ Anatol Lieven (1994). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence . Yale University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-300-06078-2.
- ^ "DOD: Information Paper- Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles" . Iraqwatch.org. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
- ^ Bethlehem, D. Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law: General Issues . 1. Cambridge University Press. p. XXVI. ISBN 9780521463041. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ Canada (1993). Transboundary Air Pollution: Agreement Between the United States of America and Canada, Signed at Ottawa March 13, 1991 with Annexes . Department of State. p. 18.
- ^ "History of the U.S. and Albania" . U.S. Embassy in Albania. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "Sierra Leone Civil War" . www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "The Sierra Leone War begins" . African American Registry. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "Official Result in Benin Vote Shows Big Loss for Kerekou (Published 1991)" . The New York Times. AP. March 26, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Albania: Elections held in 1991 Inter-Parliamentary Union
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p137 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ "1st Soviet Troops Leave Poland" . Chicago Tribune. April 10, 1991.
- ^ Fusani, Claudia (April 12, 1991). "May - Day, May - Day Ci ha speronato una bettolina" . la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ Edward Carpenter (January 1, 1997). Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office . A&C Black. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-264-67449-0.
- ^ United States. Central Intelligence Agency (1989). The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. p. 134.
- ^ United Nations. Dept. of Public Information (December 24, 1992). Yearbook of the United Nations. 45.1991(1992) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 416. ISBN 0-7923-1970-2.
- ^ Nikoleishvili, I. "Earthquake in Racha and Middle Age Monuments" . Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ Arafiev, S.S.; Rogozhin E.A.; Bykova V.V. & Dorbath C. (2006). "Deep Structure of the Racha Earthquake Source Zone from Seismic Tomography Data" (PDF). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 42 (1): 27–40. Bibcode:2006IzPSE..42...27A . doi:10.1134/s1069351306010034 . S2CID 128784815 . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011.
- ^ 32nd 1991 (1991). The Europa World Year Book, 1991 . Europa Publications Limited. p. 1664. ISBN 978-0-946653-69-0.
- ^ Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" . Time. pp. 50–57. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
- ^ "A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past" . The New Indian Express.
- ^ The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 1992. p. 107.
- ^ World Book, Inc; World Book Encyclopedia (February 1992). The World Book Year Book, 1992 . World Book, Incorporated. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7166-0492-1.
- ^ Stephen Spector (March 15, 2005). Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews . Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-19-983910-0.
- ^ Jay Levinson; Hayim Granot (2002). Transportation Disaster Response Handbook . Academic Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-12-445486-6.
- ^ Wald, Matthew (June 6, 1991). "Severe Sun Storm Threatens Utilities" . The New York Times: 16. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ "Large Solar Flares Since 1976" . Space Weather Services. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ FBIS Report: Central Eurasia . The Service. 1992. p. 7.
- ^ Mount Pinatubo: The June 1991 Eruptions . U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center. 1992.
- ^ István Gyarmati; Theodor Winkler (2002). Post-Cold War Defense Reform: Lessons Learned in Europe and the United States . Potomac Books, Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-57488-577-4.
- ^ "Ali Vakili Rad: The Perfect Murder and An Imperfect Getaway" . France 24. May 19, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
- ^ "25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed" . Retrieved December 7, 2020.
- ^ Paul G. Lewis; Professor Paul Lewis (2001). Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade . Psychology Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7146-5155-2.
- ^ "Who is the greatest ever?" . October 12, 2003. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "September 24th, 1991 Was the Best Day in Music History" . InsideHook. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "KGB Post-Soviet Developments - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies" . www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era p. 24
- ^ Jain, Sudhir. K.; Singh, Ramesh P.; Gupta, Vinay K.; Nagar, Amit (1992), Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991 (PDF), EERI Special Earthquake Report, 26, National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, pp. 1–3
- ^ "Witness Seized "Last Chance" to Escape Vukovar Massacre" . Institute for War and Peace Reporting. March 8, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- ^ "Hawke and Keating: a masterclass in political killing" . www.abc.net.au. December 19, 2011.
- ^ "NATO Update - Summary 1991" . www.nato.int. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Caroline Westbrook (April 23, 2018). "Ben Hardy age, girlfriend and career from EastEnders to The Woman In White" . Metro. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ "Eden Hazard" . FIFA. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ "Caster Semenya" . IOC. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ "Drya Klishina profile" . World Athletics. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ "Steve Birnbaum Stats, News, Bio" . ESPN.
- ^ "Aleksandar Katai | MLSsoccer.com" .
- ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months . Rowman & Littlefield. September 24, 2019. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-64143-316-7.
- ^ "Joueur - Antoine Griezmann" . French Football Federation (in French). Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "N'Golo Kante" . Chelsea FC. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Barça : Gai Assulin, le nouveau Messi s'est perdu en chemin" . January 23, 2019.
- ^ "James Magnussen at Swimming Australia" . Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ 1991 at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- ^ "Erika Umeda profile" (in Japanese). Brand-New Music. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ Diep, Eric (May 31, 2013). "Today in Hip-Hop: Azealia Banks Celebrates 22nd Birthday" . XXL. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
- ^ "Zazie Beetz" . Empire Online. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Fashion Model Directory" . Fashion Model Directory. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ Caputo, Denise (July 24, 2018). "Happy Birthday, Emily Bett Rickards" . FanFest News. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
- ^ "Mike Trout Stats" . Baseball Reference. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "Olympedia – Sanne Wevers" . www.olympedia.org. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ Halep 1991 at the Women's Tennis Association
- ^ "Gabriella Cilmi" . Oxford Reference. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Turner, B. (January 12, 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2008: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World . Springer. p. 717. ISBN 978-1-349-74024-6.
- ^ "Olta Boka Biography" (in Albanian). Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Shailene Diann Woodley, Born 11/15/1991" . California Birth Index. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
- ^ "Almaz Ayana profile" . World Athletics. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ "Becky James - rider profile" . Cycling Weekly. December 17, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ "Chloe Dufour-Lapointe" . International Ski Federation. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Kiki Bertens" . WTA. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ "Camila Giorgi" . Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Oliviu Felecan; Daiana Felecan (October 2, 2014). Unconventional Anthroponyms: Formation Patterns and Discursive Function . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-4438-6862-4.
- ^ "Rufino Arellanes Tamayo" (in Spanish). El Colegio Nacional. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ Daniel Prenn Men's Doubles Overview
- ^ Rubin, Steven Jay (November 10, 2020). The James Bond Movie Encyclopedia . Chicago Review Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-64160-085-9.
